The language that you use in a literature review is important for informing readers where you stand on relevant debates on your topic or issue. In a writer-responsible academic culture, it is your job to lead readers to the meanings and conclusions that you want them to make. Since literature reviews can involve complex ideas and various bodies of literature, it is necessary Sep 04, · The literature on implementing Electronic Health Records (EHR) in hospitals is very diverse. The objective of this study is to create an overview of the existing literature on EHR implementation in hospitals and to identify generally applicable findings and lessons for implementers. A systematic literature review of empirical research on EHR implementation was conducted Oct 03, · With the intention of addressing the limitations of the previous literature review, this systematic review has two aims. First, to systematically analyse and critically review the available literature regarding transgender people’s experiences in relation to competitive sport (elite and recreational) and sport-related physical activity
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Whether transgender people should be able to compete in sport in accordance with their gender identity is a widely contested question within the literature and among sport organisations, fellow competitors and spectators. Owing to concerns surrounding transgender people especially transgender female individuals having an athletic advantage, several sport organisations place restrictions on transgender competitors e.
must have undergone gender-confirming surgery, literature review web services. In addition, some transgender people who engage in sport, both competitively and for leisure, report discrimination and victimisation. Therefore, this review aimed to address this gap in the literature. In relation to sport-related physical activity, this review found the lack of inclusive and comfortable environments to be the primary barrier to participation for transgender people.
The majority of transgender competitive sport policies that were reviewed were not evidence based. Currently, there is no direct or consistent research suggesting transgender female individuals or male individuals have an athletic advantage at any stage of their transition e. cross-sex hormones, gender-confirming surgery and, therefore, competitive sport policies that place restrictions on transgender people need to be considered and potentially revised.
Some transgender people, but not all, will choose to affirm their gender identity by socially transitioning i. living as their experienced gender socially, at work or at an educational institution, with friends and family, outside the home and some, in addition, will choose to medically transition with cross-sex hormones and gender-confirming surgeries [ 12 ].
Recent reports indicate that the number of transgender individuals who attend transgender health services has increased substantially over the years in many European countries [ 3 — 5 ].
There has also been a significant increase in the number of people who self-identify as transgender and do not necessarily attend transgender health services [ 6 ]. For example, Kuyper and Wijsen [ 6 ] found that 4. The authors also reported that 1. It remains unknown how many of these people will seek treatment through a transgender health service. The increase in people who identify as transgender may be at least partly explained by the increase in visibility of transgender people within Western society [ 45 ].
For example, Caitlin Jenner, a former athlete and current television personality, recently came out as transgender during a television interview that was viewed all over the world [ 7 ]. Increases in visibility may have prompted some people to reflect and question their gender identity [ 8 ]. Some transgender people experience stigma, transphobia, prejudice, discrimination and violence as a consequence of their gender identity [ 9 — 11 ].
Ellis et al. Gyms are a popular outlet to engage in sport-related physical activities i. gym fitness exercises and therefore it is important to create an inclusive environment given the established mental and physical health benefits of physical activity and sport [ 1314 ]. This is particularly important for transgender people as they have been found to report a high prevalence of depression and anxiety [ 1516 ], which could be managed with physical activity.
Furthermore, physical activity and sport can also contribute towards maintaining the appropriate weight necessary to undergo gender-confirming literature review web services, acknowledging literature review web services not every transgender person will wish to do so literature review web services 1217 ].
The premise of competitive sport is fairness i. inclusion in the absence of advantage and, owing to fears surrounding the perceived athletic advantage of transgender people, the question of whether transgender people should be permitted to compete in accordance with their gender identity has been raised and literature review web services contested within the literature, among sport organisations, literature review web services, fellow competitors and spectators.
It is a commonly held belief that androgenic hormones especially testosterone confer an athletic advantage in competitive sport. Therefore transgender female individuals, because of high endogenous testosterone levels, are perceived to hold an advantage in sport when testosterone has not been blocked to literature review web services cisgender female level.
Transgender men are not thought to possess an athletic advantage, despite being injected with testosterone if they chose to medically transition with literature review web services hormones. However, there has been a paucity of research that has directly explored how androgenic hormone levels are associated with athletic competence in both cisgender and transgender populations e.
running time. To facilitate the inclusion of transgender competitors, inthe International Olympic Committee IOC [ 18 ] announced that transgender people could participate in all literature review web services Olympic games providing they had fully medically transitioned i.
had been prescribed cross-sex hormone treatment for 2 years and undergone gender-confirming surgery. Although the requirements of this policy appear to concur with the commonly held belief that transgender people hold an athletic advantage, literature review web services, they have literature review web services criticised for not being underpinned by an evidence-based rationale [ 19 ]. The IOC [ 20 ] has recently updated its policy to be more inclusive of transgender athletes i.
The new IOC policy will be considered in Sect. In an attempt to draw a consensus as to whether transgender people should be able to compete in accordance with their gender identity, in Reeser [ 21 ] conducted a review of the literature pertaining to gender identity issues in competitive elite sport.
Reeser paid particular attention to the evolution of gender verification in competitive sport and whether current competitive sport policies for transgender people are fair. He concluded that, while gender verification has made significant advances, there is a lack of physiological performance-related data in transgender people.
This is preventing an overall consensus from being made as to whether transgender sport policies are fair or not i, literature review web services. fairness in the absence of advantage. He did not adopt a systematic methodology and therefore did not include the majority of transgender sport policies. Additionally, Reeser only considered the implications of such policies in relation to elite competitive sport and did not consider the experiences of transgender people who engage in sport or sport-related physical activity for leisure or fitness e, literature review web services.
gym fitness activities, jogging. With the intention of addressing the limitations of the previous literature review, this systematic review has two aims. jogging, gym fitness activities. Second, to systematically review the literature review web services transgender competitive sport policies with regard to their fairness i.
competition in the absence of advantage. It is hoped that this systematic review will further enhance the understanding of sport participation and competition amongst transgender people. It may be expected that as more people define themselves as transgender, the issues that transgender people experience in competitive sport and sport-related physical activity will become more pronounced.
It is therefore important that those who work to facilitate and promote sport and develop policies for their own sport organisations e. sport medicine specialists, sport policymakers are informed about the issues that this vulnerable population face, literature review web services.
This will allow for a non-discriminatory atmosphere in sport, whilst ensuring a fair system for all participants and competitors regardless of their gender identity. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed to undertake this systematic review [ 22 ].
To obtain relevant peer-reviewed articles, an electronic search of literature published between January and August was conducted using the following search engines: ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. Within each search engine, the following search terms were entered: gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, literature review web services, trans people, trans individual, transgender and transsexual.
The reference lists of eligible papers were searched for potentially relevant publications. To address the first aim, articles that were selected were concerned with the experiences and issues surrounding physical activity and sport participation for transgender people.
This systematic review only considered articles eligible if they were research articles, as opposed to discussion papers. Case studies were also considered eligible, as research articles were limited.
Peer-reviewed articles that were written in English only were included. For the second aim, all available national and international policies on competitive sport in transgender people were selected and reviewed.
Thirty-one research articles were considered potentially relevant to the remit of this review. The search also identified 31 competitive sport policies for transgender people. After screening the abstracts, literature review web services, ten research articles were excluded as six were concerned with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender sport, one was a Scottish non-academic survey, one was a book chapter, one was concerned with an irrelevant topic and another focused on cisgender participants.
The remaining 21 articles were downloaded for full-text review and 13 papers were excluded as they were discussion papers, as opposed to research articles. Therefore, eight research articles fulfilled the literature review web services criteria and were consequently included within this systematic review Fig. All 31 competitive sport policies for transgender people were reviewed and included within this systematic review.
Process of identifying eligible research articles. LGBT : lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, literature review web services. This section presents the findings from the research articles and sport policies included within this systematic review.
First, the findings from the research articles that explored participation in sports both elite and recreational standards and sport-related physical activities i.
gym fitness activities, jogging are provided. Second, findings from the reviewed competitive sport policies relating to transgender inclusion are given. The oldest research article included was published in [ 23 ] and the most recent publication was from [ 24 ]. The majority of the studies were qualitative in nature, all of which employed interviews [ 24 — 29 ]. The remaining two research articles included an experimental study [ 23 ] and a cross-sectional survey [ 30 ].
Most of the studies were concerned literature review web services transgender people who participated in sport competitively, at an elite or recreational level [ 212325 — 29 ]. Some authors focused on a specific sport; ice hockey, netball and softball [ 262829 ] while others were concerned with transgender people engaging in any sport [ 252729 ]. Broadly, across all sports, Gooren and Bunck [ 23 ] explored whether transgender athletes have a physiological advantage in competitive sport.
One study explored participation in competitive sports and sport-related physical activity [ 24 ] and another study discussed participation in sport-related physical activity only [ 30 literature review web services. Details of all of the research articles included within this systematic review can be found in Table 1. The same data were extracted from all research articles reviewed Table 1.
Below, we provide the most prominent findings in relation to competitive sport participation from each of these articles. Six research articles were concerned with competitive sport participation within this systematic review [ 2325 — 29 ].
The only experimental study was by Gooren and Bunck [ 23 ] who aimed to explore whether transgender people taking cross-sex hormone treatment can fairly compete in sport. They found that 1 year after transgender male individuals had been administered cross-sex hormone treatment, testosterone levels significantly increased and these levels were within a cisgender male range. In relation to transgender female individuals, Gooren and Bunck found testosterone levels had significantly reduced to castration levels after 1 year of cross-sex hormone treatment.
Muscle mass had also reduced after 1 year of cross-sex hormone treatment. However, muscle mass remained significantly greater than in transgender male individuals assigned female at birth who had not been prescribed cross-sex hormone treatment. Therefore, Gooren and Bunck concluded that transgender male individuals are likely to be able to compete without an athletic advantage 1-year post-cross-sex hormone treatment, literature review web services.
To a certain extent this also applies to transgender female individuals; however, there still remains a level of uncertainty owing to a large muscle mass 1-year post-cross-sex hormones. Additionally, they did not explore the role of testosterone blockers and did not directly measure the effect cross-sex hormones had on athletic performance e. Many, but not all, transgender female individuals are prescribed testosterone blockers to help them to reach cisgender female testosterone levels, when administration of oestrogen alone is not enough to reduce testosterone levels.
This is particularly important if the person aims to undergo gender-confirming surgery, as 6 months of testosterone suppression is a requirement for such procedures. However, if a transgender woman does not wish to undergo surgery or does not wish to have their testosterone blocked to cisgender female levels e.
Literature Reviews: Common Errors Made When Conducting a Literature Review
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Oct 03, · With the intention of addressing the limitations of the previous literature review, this systematic review has two aims. First, to systematically analyse and critically review the available literature regarding transgender people’s experiences in relation to competitive sport (elite and recreational) and sport-related physical activity Although the literature in this review targeted adults (aged 18 years or older), many studies have focused on use of the arts with children in various contexts (e.g., sandplay, 11 dance-movement therapy, 12 dramatherapy, 13,14 music, 15 myth to facilitate storytelling and drawing activities, 16 wheelchair dance experiences, 17 mandalas, 18 art The language that you use in a literature review is important for informing readers where you stand on relevant debates on your topic or issue. In a writer-responsible academic culture, it is your job to lead readers to the meanings and conclusions that you want them to make. Since literature reviews can involve complex ideas and various bodies of literature, it is necessary
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