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Hegel's principal achievement was his development of a distinctive articulation of idealismsometimes termed absolute idealism[33] in which the dualisms of, for instance, purdue phd thesis deposit, mind and nature and subject and object are overcome.
His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychologypurdue phd thesis deposit, the statehistoryartreligion and philosophy.
His master—slave dialectic has been influential, especially in 20th-century France. Hegel has been seen in the twentieth century as the originator of the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad, [35] but as purdue phd thesis deposit explicit phrase it originated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte.
Hegel influenced wide variety of thinkers and writers. Hegel's work has been considered the "completion of philosophy" [42] [43] [44] by multiple of the most influential thinkers in existentialismpost-structuralismand twentieth-century theology. He determined ontology as absolute logic; he assembled all the delimitations of philosophy as presence," later remarking that Hegel is thus "the last philosopher of the book and the first philosopher of writing," indicating the relation of Hegel to post-structural thought by stating "if there were a definition of Différanceit would be precisely the limit, the interruption, the destruction of the Hegelian dialectical synthesis wherever it operates.
incontestable that Hegel, faithful to tradition, sees the matter of thinking in beings as such and as a whole, in the movement of Being from its emptiness to its developed fullness.
Hegel was born on 27 August in Stuttgartcapital of the Duchy of Württemberg in southwestern Germany. Christened Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, he was known as Wilhelm to his close family. His father, Georg Ludwig, was Rentkammersekretär secretary to the revenue office at the court of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg.
She died of bilious fever Gallenfieber when Hegel was thirteen. Hegel and his father also caught the disease, but they narrowly survived. At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. When he entered the Latin School two years later, he already knew the first declensionhaving been taught it by his mother.
Inhe entered Stuttgart's gymnasium illustre and during his adolescence read voraciously, copying lengthy extracts in his diary. Authors he read include the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and writers associated with the Enlightenmentsuch as Christian Garve and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.
His studies at the Gymnasium concluded with his Abiturrede "graduation speech" "Der verkümmerte Zustand der Künste und Wissenschaften unter den Türken" "The abortive state of art and scholarship in Turkey". At the age of eighteen, Hegel entered the Tübinger Stift a Protestant seminary attached to the University of Tübingenwhere he had as roommates the poet and philosopher Friedrich Hölderlin and the future philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.
All greatly admired Hellenic civilization and Hegel additionally steeped himself in Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Lessing during this time. Schelling and Hölderlin immersed themselves in theoretical debates on Kantian philosophyfrom which Hegel remained aloof. Hegel, at this time, envisaged his future as that of a Popularphilosopha "man of letters" who serves to make the abstruse ideas of philosophers accessible to a wider public; his own felt need to engage critically with the central ideas of Kantianism did not come until Although the violence of the Reign of Terror dampened Hegel's hopes, he continued to identify with the moderate Girondin faction and never lost his commitment to the principles ofwhich he expressed by drinking a toast to the storming of the Bastille every fourteenth of July.
Having received his theological certificate Konsistorialexamen from the Tübingen Seminary, Hegel became Hofmeister house tutor to an aristocratic family in Bern — During this period, he composed the text which has become known as the Life of Jesus and a book-length manuscript titled "The Positivity of the Christian Religion".
His relations with his employers becoming strained, Hegel accepted an offer mediated by Hölderlin to take up a similar position with a wine merchant's family in Frankfurt in There, Hölderlin exerted an important influence on Hegel's thought. Also inthe unpublished and unsigned manuscript of " The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism " was written. It was written in Hegel's hand, but may have been authored by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth person.
Inpurdue phd thesis deposit, Hegel came to Jena at purdue phd thesis deposit encouragement of his old friend Schelling, who held the position of Extraordinary Professor at the University of Jena. Hegel secured a position at the University of Jena as a Privatdozent unsalaried lecturer after submitting the inaugural dissertation De Orbitis Planetarumin which he briefly criticized arguments that assert—based on Bode's Law or other arbitrary choice of mathematical series —there must exist a planet between Mars and Jupiter.
He lectured on "Logic and Metaphysics" and gave lectures with Schelling on an "Introduction to the Idea and Limits of True Philosophy" and facilitated a "philosophical disputorium".
InSchelling and Hegel founded the journal Kritische Journal der Philosophie Critical Journal of Philosophy to which they contributed until the collaboration ended when Schelling left for Würzburg in Inthe university promoted Hegel to the position of Extraordinary Professor unsalaried after he wrote a letter to the poet and minister of culture Johann Wolfgang Goethe protesting the promotion of his philosophical adversary Jakob Friedrich Fries ahead of him.
To his chagrin, Fries was, in the same year, made Ordinary Professor salaried. With his finances drying up quickly, Hegel was under great pressure to deliver his book, the long-promised introduction to his philosophical system. Hegel was putting the finishing touches to it, The Phenomenology of Spiritas Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on 14 October in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city.
On the day before the battle, Napoleon entered the city of Jena. Hegel recounted his impressions in a letter to his friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer :. I saw the Emperor—this world-soul [ Weltseele ]—riding out of the city on reconnaissance. It is indeed a wonderful sensation to purdue phd thesis deposit such an individual, who, concentrated here at a single point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world and masters it.
Pinkard notes that Hegel's comment to Niethammer "is all the more striking since he had already composed the crucial section of the Phenomenology in which he remarked purdue phd thesis deposit the Revolution had now officially passed to another land Germany that would complete 'in thought' what the Revolution had only partially accomplished in practice". The following February marked the birth of Hegel's illegitimate son, Georg Ludwig Friedrich Fischer —purdue phd thesis deposit, as the result of an affair with Hegel's landlady Christiana Burkhardt née Fischer who had been abandoned by her husband.
In Marchpurdue phd thesis deposit, Hegel moved to Bambergwhere Niethammer had declined and passed on to Hegel an offer to become editor of a newspaper, the Bamberger Zeitung [ de ]. Unable to find more suitable employment, Hegel reluctantly accepted. Ludwig Fischer and his mother whom Hegel may have offered to marry following the death of her husband stayed behind in Jena. In NovemberHegel was again through Niethammer, appointed headmaster of a gymnasium in Nurembergpurdue phd thesis deposit, a post he held until While in Nuremberg, Hegel adapted his recently published Phenomenology of Spirit for use in the classroom, purdue phd thesis deposit.
Part of his remit was to teach a class called "Introduction to Knowledge of the Universal Coherence of the Sciences", Hegel developed the idea of purdue phd thesis deposit encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences, falling into three parts: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit.
InHegel married Marie Helena Susanna von Tucher —the eldest daughter of a Senator. This period saw the purdue phd thesis deposit of his second major work, the Science of Logic Wissenschaft der Logik ; 3 vols. Having received offers of a post from purdue phd thesis deposit Universities of ErlangenBerlin and HeidelbergHegel chose Heidelberg, where he moved in Soon after, his illegitimate son Ludwig Fischer now ten years old joined the Hegel household in Aprilhaving spent time in an orphanage [52] : —55 after the death of his mother Christiana Burkhardt.
InHegel published The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline as a summary of his philosophy for students attending his lectures at Heidelberg. InHegel accepted the renewed offer of the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin, which had remained vacant since Johann Gottlieb Fichte 's death in Here, Hegel published his Philosophy of Right Hegel devoted himself primarily to delivering lectures; his lectures on aesthetics, the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of history and the history of philosophy were published posthumously from students' notes.
His fame spread and his lectures attracted students from all over Germany and beyond. In —, he made two trips to Weimarwhere he met Goethe, and to Brusselsthe Northern NetherlandsLeipzigViennaPragueand Paris. Hegel was appointed University Rector of the university in Octoberbut his term ended in September Hegel was deeply disturbed by the riots for reform in Berlin in that year.
In Frederick William III decorated him with the Order of the Red Eagle3rd Class for his service to the Prussian state. Now in a weak state of health, Hegel seldom went out.
As the new semester began in October, Hegel returned to Berlin in the mistaken belief that the epidemic had largely subsided, purdue phd thesis deposit. By 14 November, Hegel was dead, purdue phd thesis deposit. The physicians pronounced the cause of death as cholera, but it is likely he died from another gastrointestinal disease. In accordance with his wishes, Hegel was buried in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery next to Fichte and Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger.
Hegel's illegitimate son, Ludwig Fischer, had died shortly before while serving with the Dutch army in Batavia and the news of his death never reached his father. Hegel's remaining two sons— Karlwho became a historian; and Immanuel [ de ]who followed a theological path—lived long and safeguarded their father's purdue phd thesis deposit and letterspurdue phd thesis deposit, and produced editions of his works.
During the era of German Idealismpurdue phd thesis deposit, every standard work on logic consisted of three divisions: doctrines of concept, judgment, and inference. Doctrines of concept address the systematic, hierarchical relations of the most general classes of things. Doctrines of judgment investigate relations of subject and predicate. And doctrines of inference lay out the forms of syllogisms originally found in Aristotelian term logic.
Indeed, "logic" in the field of nineteenth-century continental philosophy takes on a range of meanings from "metaphysics" to "theory of science," from "critical epistemology" to "first philosophy. Each new logic book staked a new claim in a century-long expansionist turf war among philosophical trends. With the possible exception of the study of inference, what was called "logic" in nineteenth-century Europe bears little resemblance to what logicians study today.
Logic, especially the doctrine of the concept, was metaphysics. It was the search for a fundamental ontological structure within the relations of the most basic predicates quantity, time, place etc. This research program took on new meaning with the publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant derived his own table of categories ——what he called the twelve pure, ancestral concepts of the understanding that structure all experience irrespective of content——from a standard term-logical table of judgments, noting also that, purdue phd thesis deposit.
the true ancestral concepts also have their equally pure derivative concepts, which could by no means be passed over in a complete system of transcendental philosophy, but with the mere mention of which I can be satisfied in a merely critical essay.
Hegel's Science of Logic is a notable contribution to the philosophical study of category metaphysics in its post-Kantian form. Hegel takes up the project that Kant suggested is necessary but did not complete, namely "to take note of and, as far as possible, completely catalog" the derivative concepts of the pure understanding and "completely illustrate its family tree.
The affinity between Hegel and Kant's logics speculative and transcendental respectively is reflected purdue phd thesis deposit their vocabulary. Kant spoke of Entstehen coming-to-be and Vergehen ceasing-to-bethe same two terms that Hegel used to refer to the two compositional elements of Werden becoming. And although the Logic 's table of contents minimally resembles Kant's table of categories, the four headings of Kant's table quantity, quality, purdue phd thesis deposit, relation, and modality do not play, in Hegel's dialectic, purdue phd thesis deposit, the organizational role that Kant had in mind for them.
Indeed, Hegel faulted Kant for copying the table of judgments from the "modern compendiums of logic" whose subject matter is, Hegel said, in need of "total reconstruction.
profounder insight into the purdue phd thesis deposit, or more truly into the dialectical nature of reason demonstrates any Concept [ Begriff ] whatsoever to be a unity of opposed elements [ Momente ] to which, therefore, the form of antinomial assertions could be given. In other words, every concept thus contains a contradiction that is itself the determination of another concept.
All concepts are thus interrelated through a process of concretization the introduction of new terms that Hegel calls self-determination or freedom.
The fully concrete system of logic what Hegel calls the "diamond net" of concepts thus grows out of a single, abstract seed concept——just as a tree grows from an actual seed. For this reason, Hegel's Logic begins with "Being, pure Being"——which is the abstract idea of God "and God has the absolutely undisputed right that the beginning be made with him" [76] ——from which issue the purdue phd thesis deposit determinations of becoming, determinate being, something, infinity, and so on.
This process culminates in what Hegel calls the Absolute Idea, which is "being, imperishable life, self-knowing truth, and is all truth" and outside of which there is only "error, confusion, opinion, endeavor, caprice and transitoriness. This process of self-concretization has been the subject of much philosophical controversy and interest. Scholars such as Clark Butler hold that a good portion of the Logic is formalizableproceeding deductively via indirect proof. different stages of the logical Idea assume the shape of successive systems, each based on a particular definition of the Absolute.
As the logical Idea is seen to unfold itself in a process from the abstract to the concrete, so in the history of philosophy the earliest systems are the most abstract, and thus at the same time the poorest The concepts developed in the Science of Logic are thus also to be found in Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy.
Purdue Graduate School Part 4: Submitting Your Electronic Thesis
, time: 20:46Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Wikipedia
Disclaimer: If you need a custom written term, thesis or research paper as well as an essay or dissertation sample, choosing Assignment Essays - a relatively cheap custom writing service - is a great option. Get any needed writing assistance at a price that every average student can afford blogger.com is the one place where you find help for all types of assignments. We write high quality term papers, sample essays, research papers, dissertations, thesis papers, assignments, book reviews, speeches, book reports, custom web content and business papers Although IJPS does not require authors to deposit the data associated with their manuscript in a public archive, Thesis Anderson CD A PhD diss. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Unpublished work
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